Based on official disease reports to the WOAH

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a disease listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and must be reported to the WOAH. The map to the right displays outbreak points reported to the WOAH early warning system since 2005.

As described in the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, the WOAH early warning system includes immediate notifications and follow-up reports on:

• First occurrences of a listed disease,
• Recurrence of an eradicated listed disease,
• First occurrences of new strain of a pathogenic agent of a listed disease,
• Recurrence of an eradicated strain,
• Sudden and unexpected changes in the distribution or increase in incidence or virulence of, or morbidity or mortality caused by the pathogenic agent of a listed disease,
• Occurrence of a listed disease in an unusual host species.

Countries are coloured according to the available information regarding their stable disease situation (disease situation legend). This information is provided by countries through the WOAH monitoring system, which is a different reporting channel.

The disease situations (country/region colours) are prioritised in the following order: Present, Suspected and Absent if more than one is present in a country during the filtered period.

Immediate notifications (points) and disease situation (country/region colours) are reported to the WOAH in different spatial and temporal scales, and therefore are displayed in the map as layers which can be filtered independently.

For more up to date reports, visit the original data source: WOAH-WAHIS.

Epidemiological studies investigating disease dynamics and measures of disease frequency

Data collected through systematic literature review are presented in the right panel, mapped separately according to the study context eligible:

Studies not meeting the inclusion criteria for the literature review, but which contribute to understanding of the disease geographical distribution, were sometimes flagged and listed for the reader's reference (see dedicated sections further below), but they were not subjected to detailed data collection. These are the types in parenthesis.

A summary of all epidemiological study references reviewed for this agent is shown to the right. More detailed information for each of those is presented in individual sections below when data is available. All references are listed in a dedicated section following further.

It is important to note that studies targetting humans were NOT systematically included in the literature reviews.

Note that this is a disease reportable to WOAH, and therefore case reports and passive surveillance were NOT considered eligible in the literature review. For the geographical distribution of reported cases of this disease, please refer to the Geographic Distribution data.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

The table on the right lists the main features of case-control or cohort studies. It has one row per study group from all studies reviewed. This means that the same reference may appear in several rows if several target species or years were reported.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species
• Lab target: target of the test for laboratorial confirmation. It specifies whether the agent or antibodies were detected.
• Sample size: number of units tested.
• Prevalence: the reported prevalence found (which can be apparent prevalence or seroprevalence, according to the "Lab target").
• Incidence: documented when studies specifically reported investigating incidence.
• Sampling point: where in the animal production chain samples were taken, for example farms, abattoirs, etc.

The table on the right lists the main features of eligible studies reporting active testing of animals and search for cases. It has one row per study group from all studies reviewed. This means that the same reference may appear in several rows if several target species or different tests were reported.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species
• Reason for sampling: the reported trigger for animals being tested, when reported.
• Sampling strategy: how sampling was designed.
• Lab target: target of the test for laboratorial confirmation. It specifies whether the agent or antibodies were detected.
• Sample size: number of units tested.
• N Pos: number of units tested which were found positive. This was only reported as prevalence when there was a specific sampling strategy used, and the article reported the result as a prevalence estimation.
• Prevalence: documented only when reported in the reviewed references as a prevalence estimation.
• Sampling point: where in the animal production chain samples were taken, for example farms, abattoirs, etc.

The table on the right lists the main features of eligible studies reporting designed sampling and testing of animals. It has one row per study group from all studies reviewed. This means that the same reference may appear in several rows if several target species or different tests were reported.

When multiple seroprevalence studies were available from the same country, we have made an effort to collect data from the most recent and most comprehensive (geographically) ones. Studies which reported serological testing, but which were not designed to allow prevalence estimation were generally excluded.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species
• Lab target: target of the test for laboratorial confirmation. It specifies whether the agent or antibodies were detected.
• Sample size: number of units tested.
• Prevalence: documented only when reported in the reviewed references as a prevalence estimation.
• Sampling strategy: how sampling was designed.
• Sampling point: where in the animal production chain samples were taken, for example farms, abattoirs, etc.

The table on the right lists the main features of eligible studies reporting results from mathematical modelling.

Mathematical modeling studies were considered eligible when based on real data, estimating R0 or other measures of disease spread.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species
• lowerR0: the lower confidence interval provided for R0
• R0: the basic reproductive number calculated and reported in the study.
• upperR0: the upper confidence interval provided for R0
• Disease phase: the status of the disease in the area from which data was collected (for exemple endemic, ongoing outbreak, resolved outbreak, etc).

The table on the right lists the main features of eligible studies reporting results from outbreak investigations.

For official data on reported outbreaks, please visit the Geographical distribution section of this animal disease profile (menu on the top of the page).

Data from papers reported as outbreak investigations was only collected for (i) diseases not reportable to WOAH, or (ii) when the paper contained additional information regarding measures of disease frequency or burden, that is, when it was not simply a case or outbreak report.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species : Species investigated in the study.
• Prevalence: the reported prevalence found (which can be apparent prevalence or seroprevalence, according to the "Lab target").
• Incidence: documented when studies specifically reported investigating incidence.
• Epi unit: the epidemiological unit reported (for example herd or individual animals).
• Outcome reported: when the study reported any additional measure of disease burden, this was recorded during data collection unting the 3 next fields - data collectors documented what was the outcome (for instance mortality rate), the value reported , and the unit of measurement used. For example mortality rate, 30%; or number of deaths, 5 animals.

The panel to the right lists all the information reported by any of the epidemiological studies in this section regarding investigated risk factors for detection of the pathogen.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Country: where the investigation was conducted.
• Year: year when the study was conducted (start year when multiple years are reported).
• Target species : Species investigated in the study.
• Risk factors: text copied directly from the reported results when risk factors where investigated.

The table to the right shows references for all the studies included in the epidemiological studies section. You can find specific papers by their RefID.

Animal Health Impact

A summary of the disease in animal hosts is given in the WOAH Technical disease card.

The panel to the right summarizes evidence collected from published studies describing natural infections with this agent (as opposed to experimental infections, summarised in dedicated section).

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering studies investigating natural infections with this agent, and published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

The table to the right summarises the clinical signs or severity described in epidemiological studies on field occurrence of this pathogen.

When reviewing eligible articles for the epidemiological studies section, if descriptions of the clinical signs observed were provided those were copied (as free-text) and compiled in the table to the right.

• RefID: the paper unique ID, which can be used to get full bibliographical details in the References table for this section, further below.
• Target species
• Clinical signs: text copied as reported in the articles reviewed.
• Severity: if a specific severity score or categorization was reported, this was also documented (but no attempt to categorize severity was made by those collecting data from the literature).

This table shows references for all the studies included in this section. You can find specific papers by their RefID.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all experimental infections published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

A summary of the disease in animal hosts is given in the WOAH Technical disease card.

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experimental infection studies describing the health effects of highly pathogenic avian influenza in host animal species.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

• Host species
• Duration of clinical signs
• Clinical signs observed
• Case fatality
• Meta-analysis of reported duration of observed clinical signs, accounting for censoring in the experimental infection study groups

The panel to the right shows the animal species in which experimental infection has been demonstrated.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

The panel to the right shows the duration of clinical signs in host species. Experimental infections are usually done in animal groups, so two values are reported: the first day any animal in the group showed signs, and the last day any animal showed signs. This means the results show the range of days when signs can appear, not the exact duration for a single animal.

For each host species, the plot shows the distribution of start and end days of clinical signs for each animal group studied.

• The boxes represent the interquartile range (the middle 50% of data), with a line for the median (the middle value). The first quartile (Q1) is the 25th percentile, and the third quartile (Q3) is the 75th percentile.
• Dots represent outliers, which are values outside the range of Q1 minus 1.5 times the interquartile range, or Q3 plus 1.5 times the interquartile range.

Animals might still show signs on the last day of the experiment, so the maximum value is the highest observed, not the true maximum (censored data). The meta-analysis section recalculates the incubation period, considering this censoring.

The panel to the right shows, for each animal host, the percentage of individual animals with clinical signs in the animal group.

The panel on the right shows case fatality rates for various animal groups infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza. Case fatality is the percentage of animals that died or were euthanised due to severe symptoms. If no animals died, the fatality rate is recorded as 0%.

• Grey dots represent individual animal groups studied. The x-axis shows the fatality rate, and the y-axis groups this data by animal species and, if relevant, by pathogen subtype.
• The coloured box plots display the distribution of fatality rates for each species and subtype combination, with detailed metrics visible when hovering over the bars.

Data aggregation by pathogen subtype is provided for additional context, especially where subtypes have distinct geographical distributions. Note that pathogenicity is not determined by subtype alone, so this should not imply a direct link between subtype and fatality.

Further details on case fatality data are available in the meta-analysis section.

Duration of clinial signs: Meta-analysis accounting for censoring

Evidence was available through systematic literature review for a minimum of 4 animal groups studied through experimental infections.

Cumulative hazard curves were fit to the data, in order to estimate confidence intervals (CI) and interquartile ranges (IQ) for the duration of clinical signs. This methodology explicitly takes into account the data censoring issue (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while the agent was still detectable).

• The plot to the right shows the cumulative hazard curves with confidence intervals (CI; parametric assumption). Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated CI.

• The plot to the right shows the cumulative hazard curves with interquartile ranges (IQ; non-parametric). Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ.

• The table to the right shows the exact calculated confidence intervals (CI) and interquartile ranges (IQ) accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while the agent was still detectable).

LCL and UCL stand for the lower and upper control limit of a 95% confidence interval accounting for censoring.

N.groups is the number of animal groups from which experimental infection data was available.

The table to the right shows the number of groups (N.groups) for which experimental infection data was available, and gives a summary of the fatality observed within these experimentally infected groups.

For each combination of animal species and, when relevant, agent subtype, three rows of information are available:

• The within-group fatality, summarized for all animal groups in which the reference explicitly gave information about whether deaths were observed or animals were euthanised due to advanced clinical signs (groups with mortality information). This therefore can include groups in which no animals died or were euthanised, as long as this information was explicitily observed and reported. The within-group percentage displayed in the table is the median of all observations available (one observation = % dead within one animal group experimentally infected and followed).
• The within-group fatality only for groups in which mortality was observed (only groups with deaths). That is, when disease was observed to cause deaths, what was the percentage fatality within animal groups.
• The number of animal groups for which no fatality information is available (no mortality information). This is, the reference did not report deaths, but it was not possible to determine whether no deaths were observed, or this information was simply not reported.

The table to the right presents the information for the specific references used in this section of the disease profile.

Virus taxonomy

Family: Orthomyxoviridae

Genus: Alphainfluenzavirus

Species: Influenza A virus

Agent characteristics

Refer to the WOAH Technical disease card for a key summary of the virus characteristics.

Agent survival outside living hosts

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experiments on pathogen survival.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

• Survival plots indicating the maximum number of days the virus was detected in different matrices under different conditions (temperature)
• Half-life studies which documented virus viability decay over time under different temperatures
• Meta-analysis of the reported virus survival period for matrices in which a sufficient number of studies were found

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering pathogen survival experiments published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

The plot to the right shows how many days the virus can be detected through isolation after an animal becomes infected.

The plot to the right shows how many days DNA/RNA can be detected after animal infection.

Agent survival time in different matrices

The reported survival times for the virus in different matrices was subjected to meta-analysis to account explicitly for the effect of censoring, that is, studies which were interrupted while the agent was still detectable in the matrices investigated.

ONLY STUDIES WITH TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 0 AND 30 DEGREES CELSIUS (materials not frozen or heated) are eligible, as comparisons among studies with larger temperature variation would not be meaningful.

Studies confirming virus detection and studies in which detection was based on genetic material (DNA/RNA) were evaluated separately.

Plots show the parametric confidence intervals for the mean survival time when at least 4 study groups are reported. The plots are then repeated presenting interquartile ranges (IQ, Q1-Q3). Following the plots, a table gives the exact number for these intervals for each of the matrices reported. For the raw data (all study groups reported individually), see download link on the left panel.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves for virus detection with parametric confidence intervals (CI). Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated CI.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves for virus detection with interquartile (IQ) ranges. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ range.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves for DNA/RNA detection with parametric confidence intervals (CI). Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated CI.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves for DNA/RNA detection with interquartile (IQ) ranges. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ range.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The specific references for this agent, and used in this section are listed in the right panel.

Refer to the WOAH Technical disease card for a key summary of the disease transmission and epidemiological parameters.

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experimental infection studies describing host infectiousness. Scroll down through the content.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

• Evidence of Host-host transmission
• Evidence of transplacentary transmission
• Meta-analysis of the reported duration of the infectious period, accounting for censoring in the experimental infection study groups
• Data for all animal matrices in which agent presence was demonstrated.

Please note that experimental infections are generally conducted in animal groups.

Species listed are those for which evidence was available in peer-reviewed literature (in English).

Plots are interactive, hover to see more information, drag to zoom.

• Infectious period cannot be measured directly unless transmission experiments are also conducted. Infection experiments reviewed in the literature actually measured the period of time during which the pathogen/genetic material could be detected in specific body matrices.
• All data were recorded per ANIMAL GROUP, not individually. As a result, the periods were recorded in the form of minimum and maximum values (in days) observed in the group. The values therefore do not reflect a distribution of infectivity in a single animal, but the earliest and latest day in which the pathogen/genetic material could possibly be detected in specific body matrices.
• Animals could still be infectious on the last day of the experiment. Data in this case is censored - the maximum represents the maximum observed, not the true maximum.

Data collected from matrices other than blood, and calculations of the infectious period accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while virus was still detectable) are available further below.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all experimental infections published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

The right panel gives a summary of findings on host-host transmission.

The right panel gives a summary of findings on transplacental transmission.

Duration of the infectious period: Meta-analysis accounting for censoring

Cumulative hazard curves were fit to the data in order to estimate parametric confidence intervals (CI) and interquartile ranges (IQ) that explicitly take into account the data censoring issue (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while virus was still detectable). Further below you will find a table with the numerical values

Meta-analysis have been applied separately for VIRUS ISOLATION, detection of genetic material (DNA/RNA), and detection of virus ANTIGENS in species/matrices combinations where data was available for at least FOUR animal groups. The median minimum and maximum days during which virus/genetic material were detected in other matrices are listed in a table further below.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves with interquartile ranges (IQ; non-parametric) for virus isolation. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The table to the right shows the exact calculated confidence intervals (CI) and interquartile ranges (IQ) accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while the agent was still detectable).

LCL and UCL stand for the lower and upper control limit of a 95% confidence interval accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while virus was still detectable).

N.groups is the number of animal groups from which experimental infection data was available.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves with confidence intervals (CI; parametric assumption) for DNA/RNA detection. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated CI.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves with interquartile ranges (IQ; non-parametric) for DNA/RNA detection. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

LCL and UCL stand for the lower and upper control limit of a 95% confidence interval accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while virus was still detectable)

N.groups is the number of animal groups from which experimental infection data was available.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves with confidence intervals (CI; parametric assumption) for antigen detection. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated CI.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

The plot to the right shows the survival curves with interquartile ranges (IQ; non-parametric) for antigen detection. Keep scrolling down to find a table with the exact calculated IQ.

Please note: Some data is organized across multiple tabs. If additional tabs are present, click through to explore each slide for a complete view of the data.

LCL and UCL stand for the lower and upper control limit of a 95% confidence interval accounting for censoring (lack of information about true maximum when experiments ended while virus was still detectable).

N.groups is the number of animal groups from which experimental infection data was available.

As pointed out above, meta-analyses were conducted only when data were available for at least four animal groups. Median values for all detection data collected in the systematic literature review (even when no meta-analyses were performed) are reported in the table to the right.

N.groups is the number of animal groups from which experimental infection data was available. The entire dataset can be downloaded through the link on the left panel.

The specific references for this agent, and used in this section are listed in the right panel.

WOAH-prescribed tests for highly pathogenic avian influenza (WOAH, Terrestrial Manual) are the following:

• For the detection of the agent: Virus isolation, Real-time RT-PCR, ELISA for antigen detection or other immunodiffusion assays.
• For the detection of immune response: Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), Heamoagglutination inhibition (HI) and ELISA.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970, covering diagnostic tests approved for use in the European Union (EU).

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Data were collected from all evaluations of performance of those tests which provided sensitivity or specificity (or enough data to estimate those needed to be provided).

We have chosen not to aggregate and summarize the results because the study conditions can vary greatly. Instead, we present the results for all the articles retrieved from the literature individually, grouped by type of test, diagnostic target and, when relevant, animal species.

The figure to the right presents all the results from studies in which the diagnostic sensitivity was actually reported. The number of occurrences for each diagnostic test is reported in square brackets. Please note that the range of values might refer to different target species.

The figure to the right presents all the results from studies in which the diagnostic specificity was actually reported. The number of occurrences for each diagnostic test is reported in square brackets. Please note that the range of values might refer to different target species.

Here you can find a summary of the main features of each study:

• RefID: Reference ID (to be used to retrieve full reference in the reference table below)
• Species: in which animal species the diagnostic assays have been tested
• Target: Antigen, Antibody, Nucleic acid or Virus
• Lab test: type diagnostic assays evaluated in the study
• Study type: Cohort, Cross-sectional, Diagnostic test validation, Longitudinal
• Nr tested: number of samples tested within the study. When multiple groups were tested, the range of sample sizes is reported
• Nr positive: number of samples that tested positive. When multiple groups were tested, the range of positive results is reported
• Se: whether an estimate of diagnostic test sensitivity was reported in the article
• Sp: whether an estimate of diagnostic test specificity was reported in the article

This table report the specific references that were used in this section of the disease profile.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all vaccine efficacy studies published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970, when evaluating vaccines approved for use in the European Union.

Data were collected from all studies that evaluated the performance of commercial vaccines. For those studies meeting the inclusion criteria, vaccines were classified into the following types:

• Inactivated (dead)
• Live attenuated
• Live recombinant
• Recombinant (subunit vaccines)
• Other

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2024. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Data were collected from studies reporting vaccine efficacy after challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza. The number of occurrences for each vaccine type is reported in squared brackets.

Please note that the range of values might refer to different animal species.

The table to the right presents the main features of each study:

• RefID: Reference ID (to be used to retrieve full reference)
• Species: in which animal species the vaccine assays have been tested
• Vaccine type: Inactivated (dead), Live attenuated, Live recombinant, Recombinant (subunit vaccines), Other
• Country: country where study was conducted
• Nr tested: number of animals tested within the study. When multiple groups were tested, the range of animals per study group is reported
• Challenge day: number of days after vaccination at which animals were challenged. When multiple groups were challenges, the range of days post vaccination is reported
• Efficacy: whether an estimate of vaccine efficacy was reported in the study. If "Yes", the reference includes data on how effective the vaccine is; if "No", the reference does not provide any effectiveness data

The table to the right presents the information for the specific references used in this section of the disease profile.

In accordance with the Animal Health Law (AHL) in the EU, susceptible species kept at in the affected holdings shall be culled to prevent further spread of the virus. Specific treatments for highly pathogenic avian influenza are not available and not compliant with the AHL.

highly pathogenic avian influenza is listed as a category A diseases in the "Animal Health Law" - Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health.

EFSA has published a series of Scientific Opinions on risk assessment of several scientific topics within the framework of AHL, upon request by the European Comission (EC). You can browse through the AHL legislations and EFSAs Scientific Opinions on the right panel.

EFSA regularly carries out risk assessments to support risk managers with their decision making on the prevention and control of diseases. Risk assessments of relevance for this disease are listed in the right panel.

The CoVetLab consortium has been responsible for the systematic literature reviews since 2015, and has delivered story maps to EFSA since 2021. Partners are: Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA, Sweden); Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR, The Netherlands); Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA; UK) and the University of Surrey (UK).

Geographical distribution data has been kindly provided by the World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH). WOAH-WAHIS (WOAH World Animal Health Information System) is the original source of these data.

The list of references displayed in this storymap is available on the right panel.

You can also download the complete list of references for each of the seven specific knowledge domains for which EFSA carries out systematic literature reviews regularly (living reviews):

• Experimental Infections (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Pathogen Survival (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Diagnostic Tests (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Vaccines (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Treatments (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Vector Control (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)
• Geographical distribution (complete list of references, complete dataset, Read me file)