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Geographical distribution

Based on official disease reports to the WOAH

LSD is a disease listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and must be reported to the WOAH. The map to the right displays outbreak points reported to the WOAH early warning system since 2005.

As described in the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, the WOAH early warning system includes immediate notifications and follow-up reports on:

  • First occurrences of a listed disease,
  • Recurrence of an eradicated listed disease,
  • First occurrences of new strain of a pathogenic agent of a listed disease,
  • Recurrence of an eradicated strain,
  • Sudden and unexpected changes in the distribution or increase in incidence or virulence of, or morbidity or mortality caused by the pathogenic agent of a listed disease
  • Occurrence of a listed disease in an unusual host species.

Countries are coloured according to the available information regarding their stable disease situation (disease situation legend). This information is provided by countries through the WOAH monitoring system, which is a different reporting channel.
The disease situations (country/region colours) are prioritized in the following order: Present, Suspected and Absent if more than one is present in a country during the filtered period.
Immediate notifications (points) and disease situation (country/region colours) are reported to the WOAH in different spatial and temporal scales, and therefore are displayed in the map as layers which can be filtered independently.

Last updated at: 2024-09-30

For more up to date reports, visit the original data source: WOAH-WAHIS.

Epi studies

Epidemiological studies investigating disease dynamics and measures of disease frequency

The panel to the right shows the distribution of epidemiological studies collected in the literature review. Click on the map to see more information about the studies. The following study context categories are considered:

  • Case reports
  • Passive surveillance (reports of specific surveillance activities following reported cases)
  • Evidence of disease freedom (investigations to confirm disease absence)
  • Observational study (case-control or cohort studies)
  • Active surveillance (active testing of animals and search for cases)
  • Survey (designed sampling and testing of animals)

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Disease

Animal Health Impact

A summary of the disease in animal hosts is given in the WOAH Technical disease card.

The panel to the right summarizes evidence collected from published studies describing natural infections with this agent (as opposed to experimental infections, summarized in dedicated section).

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering studies investigating natural infections with this agent, and published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Experimental Inf.

A summary of the disease in animal hosts is given in the WOAH Technical disease card.

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experimental infection studies describing the health effects of this pathogen in host animal species. Scroll down through the content.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

  • Host species
  • Start of clinical signs (incubation period)
  • Duration of clinical signs
  • All diverse types of clinical signs reported in the different host species
  • Case fatality
  • Meta-analysis of the reported duration of observable clinical signs, accounting for censoring in the experimental infection study groups

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all experimental infections published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Public Health

Humans are not susceptible to LSDV and therefore there is no direct impact on public health WOAH Technical disease card.

Agent

Virus taxonomy

Family: Poxviridae

Genus: Capripoxvirus

Species: Lumpy skin disease virus

Virus: lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)

Virus characteristics

Refer to the WOAH Technical disease card for a key summary of the virus characteristics.

Virus survival outside living hosts

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experiments on pathogen survival. Scroll down through the content.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

  • Survival plots indicating the maximum number of days the virus was detected in different matrices under different conditions (temperature)
  • Half-life studies which documented virus viability decay over time under different temperatures
  • Meta-analysis of the reported virus survival period for matrices in which a sufficient number of studies were found

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering pathogen survival experiments published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Transmission

Refer to the WOAH Technical disease card for a key summary of the disease transmission and epidemiological parameters.

Several arthropod species can act as mechanical vectors for LSDV.

The panel to the right summarizes all evidence collected by EFSA from published experimental infection studies describing host infectiousness. Scroll down through the content.

Summaries of available scientific evidence are provided concerning:

  • Evidence of Host-host transmission
  • Evidence of transplacentary transmission
  • Meta-analysis of the reported duration of the infectious period, accounting for censoring in the experimental infection study groups
  • Data for all animal matrices in which agent presence was demonstrated.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all experimental infections published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

*The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Diagnosis

WOAH-prescribed tests for international trade include:the commercial double-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and (real-time) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) excluding vaccine strains (WOAH, Terrestrial Manual, Haegeman et al. 2020) and immunofluorescence tests or PCR.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970, covering diagnostic tests aLSDoved for use in the European Union (EU).

Data were collected from all evaluations of performance of those tests which provided sensitivity or specificity (or enough data to estimate those needed to be provided). You can browse through the data collected scrolling the panel to the right.

We have chosen not to aggregate and summarize the results because the study conditions can vary greatly. Instead, we present the results for all the articles retrieved from the literature individually, grouped by type of test, diagnostic target and, when relevant, animal species.

You can download all data collected through systematic literature review here. Data fields are explained in this read-me file.

The review was last updated in November 2023. The complete list of references is available for download here. If important references to primary studies are missing, contact animal-diseases@efsa.europa.eu. The full review protocol can be downloaded here.

Vaccination

The use of LSD vaccines is regulated according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1070.

Control of LSD is regulated by Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (‘Animal Health Law’). Special control measures for a limited period of time related to LSDV infection are also in place Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1070.

EFSA conducts regular systematic literature reviews covering all vaccine efficacy studies published in peer-reviewed literature in English since 1970, when evaluating vaccines aLSDoved for use in the European Union. The next update of the SLR for vaccines is scheduled to be carried out in 2024.

Picture on the right: Bengt Ekberg, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (www.sva.se)

Treatments

In accordance with the Animal Health Law (AHL) in the EU (see next tab) and the special control measures for LSDV infection Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1070, movement of cattle is restricted in areas where LSDV is detected and/or where vaccinations occur.

Animal Health Law Risk Assessments

LSD is listed as a category A diseases in the "Animal Health Law" - Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health.

EFSA has published a series of Scientific Opinions on risk assessment of several scientific topics within the framework of AHL, upon request by the European Comission (EC). You can browse through the AHL legislations and EFSA’s Scientific Opinions on the right panel.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

The CoVetLab consortium has been responsible for the systematic literature reviews since 2015, and has delivered story maps to EFSA since 2021. Partners are: Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA, Sweden); Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR, The Netherlands); Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA; UK) and the University of Surrey (UK).

Geographical distribution data has been kindly provided by the World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH). WOAH-WAHIS (WOAH World Animal Health Information System) is the original source of these data.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1070 of 28 June 2021 laying down special control measures for a limited period of time related to infection with lumpy skin disease virus

Dórea FC, Swanenburg M, van Roermund H, Horigan V, de Vos C, Gale P, Lilja T, Comin A, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Young B, Vial F, Kosmider R and Lindberg A, 2017. Data collection for risk assessments on animal health. EFSA supporting publication,14(1):EN-1171, 209 pp. doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171.

Haegeman et al. 2020. Overview of diagnostic tools for Capripox virus infections. Prev Vet Med, 181, 104704

Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (‘Animal Health Law’)

Sprygin et al. 2019. Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review

Systematic Literature Review Protocol, COVETLAB consortium. Review Protocol 2021.

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health) Technical Disease Card: Lumpy skin disease. 2021.

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2017. Lumpy Skind Diseases. Chapter 2.4.13. WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Manual. WOAH, Paris, France

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2021. Infection with lumpy skin disease virus. Chapter 11.9. WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2019. WOAH, Paris, France

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health). Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2021. WOAH, Paris, France

WOAH-WAHIS (WOAH World Animal Health Information System)

References

The list of references displayed in this storymap is available on the right panel.

You can also download the complete list of references for each of the seven specific knowledge domains for which EFSA carries out systematic literature reviews regularly (living reviews):